Medically reviewed by: Hospital medical team Last reviewed: 2026
Understanding a hernia
A hernia occurs when tissue pushes through a weak area in the muscle or surrounding tissue that normally contains it. Common sites include the groin, the area around the navel and a previous surgical scar. A hernia may appear as a swelling that becomes more noticeable when standing, coughing or straining. It may become smaller when lying down. Not every lump is a hernia, so a new swelling should be examined rather than diagnosed from its appearance or a photograph alone.
Symptoms and contributing factors
Some hernias cause little discomfort; others produce aching, dragging or pressure, particularly during activity. Muscle weakness may be present from birth or develop with age or after surgery. Pregnancy, persistent coughing, constipation and repeated strain can contribute to pressure on a weak area. A hernia is not simply proof that someone lifted incorrectly. Symptoms and risk vary by hernia type. Groin swelling in women needs careful assessment because a femoral hernia can be easier to miss and may have a higher complication risk.
How hernias are assessed
A clinician will ask when the swelling appeared, whether it changes with posture and whether it causes pain. Examination often takes place while standing and may include a gentle cough. Ultrasound or other imaging is sometimes helpful when the diagnosis is uncertain or the hernia is complex. Mention previous operations, ongoing cough, bowel symptoms and all medicines, including blood thinners. Do not repeatedly force a painful swelling back into place. Sudden pain or a swelling that no longer settles needs urgent medical assessment.
Observation and surgical treatment
Surgery is the usual way to repair a hernia, but timing depends on its type, symptoms and your health. Selected men with a minimally symptomatic inguinal hernia may consider watchful waiting after discussing risks and follow-up. This does not suit every hernia. Repair may use an open or keyhole approach, sometimes with mesh. The surgeon should explain recurrence, infection, persistent pain and anaesthetic risks. A support belt may ease discomfort for some people but does not close the defect or replace an assessment.
Daily care and emergency symptoms
While awaiting advice, avoid activities that clearly worsen pain and seek help for constipation or a persistent cough. After surgery, follow individual guidance on walking, wound care, work and lifting rather than a fixed timetable from another patient. Seek emergency care for sudden severe pain, vomiting, abdominal swelling, inability to pass stool or wind, or a firm tender lump that will not settle. These can indicate bowel obstruction or loss of blood supply to trapped tissue. Call 112 if you are seriously unwell.
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References
This information is for general awareness and does not replace advice from a qualified doctor.